Urea Breath Test

The urea breath test (UBT) is a non-invasive diagnostic procedure used to detect Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the stomach. H. pylori is a type of bacteria that can cause gastritis, peptic ulcers, and is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. The test is based on the ability of H. pylori to produce the enzyme urease, which breaks down urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia.

Procedure of the Urea Breath Test:

1. Preparation:

• Fasting: Patients are usually required to fast for at least 4-6 hours before the test.
• Medications: Certain medications, especially antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and bismuth-containing compounds, may need to be stopped 1-2 weeks before the test to avoid false-negative results. Patients should follow their doctor's instructions regarding medication use.

2. Baseline Breath Sample:

• The patient provides an initial breath sample by blowing into a collection device. This sample serves as a baseline measurement of carbon dioxide levels in the breath.

3. Ingestion of Urea Solution:

• The patient drinks a solution containing urea labeled with a non-radioactive carbon isotope. The urea is typically flavored to improve palatability.

4. Post-Ingestion Breath Samples:

• After a specified period (usually 15-30 minutes), the patient provides one or more additional breath samples. During this time, if H. pylori is present in the stomach, it will break down the ingested urea, releasing carbon dioxide labeled with the isotope.

5. Measurement:

• The breath samples are analyzed using a mass spectrometer or other detection devices to measure the levels of the labeled carbon dioxide. An increase in the labeled carbon dioxide compared to the baseline sample indicates the presence of H. pylori.

Advantages of the Urea Breath Test:

• Non-Invasive: Unlike endoscopic procedures, the UBT does not require tissue samples or sedation.
• Quick and Convenient: The test can be completed within an hour and provides rapid results.
• High Sensitivity and Specificity: The UBT is highly accurate for detecting active H. pylori infection.
• Monitoring Eradication: Useful for confirming the eradication of H. pylori after treatment.